¶¹ÄÌÊÓƵAPP

 is the Chief Economist/Deputy Director of the United Nations University's World Institute for Development Economics Research (UNU-WIDER) in Helsinki, Finland. He was previously: Professor of Development Studies, University of Manchester; Executive Director of the Brooks World Poverty Institute (BWPI) University of Manchester (from 2006-2009); Associate Director of the Chronic Poverty Research Centre (CPRC); and Deputy Director of UNU-WIDER. His books include From Conflict to Recovery in Africa (Oxford University Press), Making Peace Work: The Challenges of Economic and Social Reconstruction(Palgrave Macmillan), and Poverty Dynamics: A Cross-Disciplinary Perspective (Oxford University Press). He was a lead author for The Chronic Poverty Report 2008-09: Escaping Poverty Traps.

Michele Alacevich is the associate director for Research Activities at Columbia University's Heyman Center for the Humanities. He holds a PhD in business history from the University of Milano, Italy. Before moving to Columbia University, he was a research scholar at Harvard University and the World ¶¹ÄÌÊÓƵAPP. His current interests include history of 20th century development institutions and ideas, the policies of postwar reconstruction in Southern Europe, and the history of social sciences in the 20th century with a focus on the linkages between the history of ideas, international history, and the history of economic thought. His publications include The Political Economy of the World ¶¹ÄÌÊÓƵAPP: The Early Years (Stanford University Press, 2009), and articles in Journal of Global History, History of Political Economy, Review of Political Economy, Rivista di Storia Economica, and Journal of the History of Economic Thought.

Gareth Austin is a professor of African and Comparative Economic History at the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies in Geneva, where he chairs the Department of International History. After graduating from Cambridge University, he gained a PhD from the University of Birmingham. His research focuses on Asante, Ghana, West Africa, and Sub-Saharan Africa, from the era of the Atlantic slave trade to the present. Having worked at both the University of Ghana and the London School of Economics, he has contributed to the development of Global History field by proposing the Journal of Global History and starting of the first master's program in Global History in Britain. Dr. Austin's publications include: Labour, Land and Capital in Ghana: From Slavery to Free Labour in Asante, 1807-1956 (University of Rochester Press, 2005) and Resources, techniques, and strategies south of the Sahara: revising the factor endowments perspective on African economic development, 1500-2000 (Economic History Review).

William H. Becker is professor of history and chair of the department of history at the George Washington University. His research and teaching interests are the history of business, business and public policy, the history of the international economy, and the history of large-scale organizations (such as the World ¶¹ÄÌÊÓƵAPP, the Export-Import ¶¹ÄÌÊÓƵAPP of the United States, NASA, and the Rockefeller Foundation). He is the author/coauthor of six books and was also the General Editor of the Encyclopedia of American Business History and Biography. His most recent publication is Eisenhower and the Cold War Economy (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2011).

Keith Breckenridge is an historian of 20th century South Africa based at the Wits Institute for Social and Economic Research. He has published widely on the political economy and cultural history of the South African gold mining industry, the intellectual history of late 19th century Progressivism in South Africa, and the character and workings of the Apartheid State. Recently he has focused on the history of biometric identification and banking systems around the world, and their precocious and intense development in South Africa. Most recently he co-edited, with Simon Szreter, Registration and Recognition: Documenting the Person in World History, Volume 182 in the Proceedings of the British Academy, published by Oxford University Press.

James Boughton was Historian of the International Monetary Fund from 1992 to 2012. In 2001-10, he also served as Assistant Director in the Strategy, Policy, and Review Department at the IMF. From 1981 until he was named Historian, he held various positions in the IMF Research Department. Dr. Boughton holds a Ph.D. in economics from Duke University, and before joining the IMF staff, he was Professor of Economics at Indiana University and had served as an economist at the OECD in Paris. He has written two volumes of IMF history:Silent Revolution: The International Monetary Fund 1979-1989 and Tearing Down Walls: The International Monetary Fund 1990-1999. His publications also include a textbook on money and banking, a book on the U.S. Federal funds market, several books that he edited or co-edited, and articles in professional journals on international finance, monetary theory and policy, international policy coordination, and the history of economic thought.

 is the Deputy General Counsel, Knowledge and Research Legal Vice Presidency at the World ¶¹ÄÌÊÓƵAPP. In this capacity, he provides intellectual leadership on strategic legal and policy issues facing the institution and leads the ¶¹ÄÌÊÓƵAPP's agenda on law, justice and development. He is the editor-in-chief of the World ¶¹ÄÌÊÓƵAPP's Law, Justice and Development Series and has published several papers on various aspects of international economic law. He regularly represents the ¶¹ÄÌÊÓƵAPP at international legal conferences and has delivered speeches and lectures on a range of topics on law and development. He co-edited in 2011 (with Professors Daniel Bradlow and Benedict Kingsbury) a book on International Financial Institutions and Global Legal Governance. Mr. Cissé, a national of Senegal, joined the World ¶¹ÄÌÊÓƵAPP in 1997 after serving for seven years as Counsel at the International Monetary Fund. Prior to his current position, Mr. Cissé served for many years as Chief Counsel for Operations Policy of the World ¶¹ÄÌÊÓƵAPP. In this capacity, he contributed to the modernization and simplification of the ¶¹ÄÌÊÓƵAPP's legal and policy framework to make it more responsive to the changing needs of its member countries. He also served as legal advisor on governance and anti-corruption and led, in particular the exercise that resulted in the adoption by the ¶¹ÄÌÊÓƵAPP in 2006 of an expanded policy framework for sanctions. He was appointed in 2007 to serve as a member of the World ¶¹ÄÌÊÓƵAPP's newly established Sanctions Board. Mr. Cissé obtained his LL.B (High Hons.) from Dakar University in Senegal where he graduated at the top of his Class; he also holds a LL.M degree from Harvard Law School as well as graduate law degrees (Hons.) from the universities of Paris I Panthéon-Sorbonne, Paris II Panthéon-Assas and a graduate degree in history from Paris I Panthéon - Sorbonne University (High Hons.). Mr. Cissé is a member of the World Economic Forum Global Agenda Council on the Rule of Law.

Pamela Cox is the World ¶¹ÄÌÊÓƵAPP's Vice President for East Asia and Pacific Region. Ms. Cox leads the World ¶¹ÄÌÊÓƵAPP's strategy in the region which supports countries by addressing four shared challenges: natural disasters; poverty and equality; infrastructure and urbanization; and making governments work for people. Ms. Cox is a United States citizen and holds a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degree in Development Economics and Policy and a Master of Arts degree in Law and Diplomacy and Development Economics from the Fletcher School at Tufts University in Boston, Massachusetts, and a Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree in International Studies/International Economics from Reed College in Portland, Oregon.

 Stephanie Decker is a senior lecturer (associate professor) in international business at Aston Business School, where she has been working since 2010. After completing her PhD in history at the University of Liverpool in 2006, she held postdoctoral appointments at the LSE and Harvard Business School, before joining the University of Liverpool Management School in 2007/8. Her research focuses on emerging and developing countries, specifically in Africa, and narrative, visual and archival approaches to issues such as political strategies and organisational legitimacy of multinational companies.

Jean-Jacques Dethier, a Belgian citizen, is Research Manager at the World ¶¹ÄÌÊÓƵAPP and is a member of the Urban Sector Board of the ¶¹ÄÌÊÓƵAPP. He has published extensively on development policy, governance, macroeconomics and public finance. He has worked at the World ¶¹ÄÌÊÓƵAPP since 1985 in Operations in the Middle East, Africa, and Eastern Europe, and in the Research Department. He is also an Adjunct Professor at Georgetown University - where he teaches each year a graduate course on development - and a Senior Fellow at the Centre for Development Research (ZEF) of the University of Bonn, Germany. He holds a Ph.D. in Economics from the University of California, Berkeley (1984); an ABD Ph.D. from the Free University in Berlin, Germany (1976); and a law degree from the University of Liége, Belgium (1975). He also worked for ILO, FAO, IFAD, USAID, the Arab Monetary Fund and private consulting firms.

W.J. Dorman is an honorary fellow in the School of Social and Political Sciences at Edinburgh University. He previously taught at Edinburgh both in Politics and Islamic & Middle Eastern Studies, as well as at Durham University in the School of Government and International Affairs. His PhD thesis, completed at the School of Oriental and African Studies under the supervision of Charles Tripp, was joint winner of the 2008 Leigh Douglas Memorial Prize awarded by the British Society for Middle Eastern Studies. Prior to doctoral studies, he worked at the US Department of State.

 is a Lead Counsel, Operations Policy, in the World ¶¹ÄÌÊÓƵAPP's Legal Vice-Presidency. Since joining the ¶¹ÄÌÊÓƵAPP in 2005, Mr. Fariello has worked on a range of legal policy issues, notably the ¶¹ÄÌÊÓƵAPP's Governance and Anti-Corruption (GAC) strategy and reform of the ¶¹ÄÌÊÓƵAPP's sanctions regime, for which he is the ¶¹ÄÌÊÓƵAPP's primary legal focal point. Prior to joining the ¶¹ÄÌÊÓƵAPP, he was Special Advisor to the Vice President of the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) and Senior Counsel in IFAD's Office of the General Counsel from 1996-2005. Prior to IFAD, he practiced law in a number of New York-based law firms, including Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom. His practice focused on cross-border lending and other corporate financial transactions. Mr. Fariello holds a B.A. in History magna cum laude from Brown University (1980) and a J.D. from New York University Law School (1983). He is admitted to practice law in the State of New York.

Alexander J. Field is the Michel and Mary Orradre professor of Economics at Santa Clara University, where he has also served on the University's Board of Trustees and as chair of the Economics Department. After graduating from Harvard University, he received a MSc from the London School of Economics and a PhD from the University of California, Berkeley. He taught previously at Stanford University. Dr. Field is the author of Altruistically Inclined? The Behavioral Sciences, Evolutionary Theory, and the Origins of Reciprocity(University of Michigan Press, 2001) and A Great Leap Forward: 1930s Depression and US Economic Growth (Yale University Press, 2011).

 is an assistant professor at Northwestern University, specializing in history of the United States in a global context. He received a PhD from the University of California, Berkeley, and served as a postdoctoral fellow on Columbia University's Committee on Global Thought. He has published articles in The Journal of the History of Ideas, Modern Intellectual History, The History Teacher, and The Journal of African Cultural Studies. Dr. Immerwahr's first book, Quests for Community: The United States, Community Development, and the World, studies the United States' development aid during the early Cold War and its relationship to counterinsurgency, Third World nationalism, and the domestic War on Poverty (currently under review, Oxford University Press).

Alessandra Iorio is a dual British and Italian national, educated at Newnham College, Cambridge and at L'Universite Libre de Bruxelles. Before joining the World ¶¹ÄÌÊÓƵAPP, Alex worked at Allen & Overy, a major UK law firm for six years and with the Asian Development ¶¹ÄÌÊÓƵAPP in Manila for three years. She joined the World ¶¹ÄÌÊÓƵAPP in 1995 and has worked as country counsel covering the ECA Region and as a lawyer in corporate finance. From 2004, she was Lead Counsel for IDA advising on all operational and finance issues through four IDA replenishments. She is now Chief Counsel, Concessional Finance.

Alain de Janvry is Professor at the University of California at Berkeley, with a joint appointment at the Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, and at the Goldman School of Public Policy. He is the author of numerous journal articles and books, and was the Director of the World ¶¹ÄÌÊÓƵAPP 2008 World Development Report. He is the current editor of the World ¶¹ÄÌÊÓƵAPP Economic Review, one of the top professional economic journals on development (with an impact factor of 1.2). He has an extensive experience in international development, in Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East, and the Indian subcontinent. He has worked with many international development agencies, including FAO, IFAD, the World ¶¹ÄÌÊÓƵAPP, UNDP, ILO, the CGIAR, and the Inter-American Development ¶¹ÄÌÊÓƵAPP as well as Ford, Rockefeller, Kellogg and Gates foundations.

 is the Madan Lal Sobti Associate Professor for the Study of Contemporary India, Director, Center for Advanced Study of India, University of Pennsylvania and Non-Resident fellow at the Center for Global Development, Washington D.C. Prior to joining the University of Pennsylvania he held appointments at the Brookings Institution, Harvard University and University of Texas, Austin. He is the coauthor of ¶¹ÄÌÊÓƵAPP: Its First Half Century;Give us your Best and Brightest: The Global Hunt for Talent and Its Impact on the Developing World; Public Institutions in India: Performance and Design. His most recent bookDiaspora, Democracy and Development: The Impact of International Migration from India on Indiapublished by Princeton University Press received the 2012 Distinguished Book Award of the Ethnicity, Nationalism, and Migration Section of International Studies Association. He has a B. Tech and M.S. in Chemical Engineering and a Ph.D. in Public Policy from Princeton University.

Kathryn Lavelle is the Ellen and Dixon Long professor of World Affairs at Case Western Reserve University. Her research specializes in the politics of finance. She has received fellowships from the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, American Political Science Association, and the University of Toronto - where she was the inaugural Fulbright research chair at the Munk Centre. Dr. Lavelle's publications include: The Politics of Equity Finance in Emerging Markets (Oxford, 2004); Legislating International Organizations: US Congress, the IMF, and the World ¶¹ÄÌÊÓƵAPP (Oxford, 2011); and Money and ¶¹ÄÌÊÓƵAPPs in the American Political Process(forthcoming, Cambridge University Press) as well as numerous articles and book chapters.

 is the Chief Archivist of the ¶¹ÄÌÊÓƵAPP Group and the manager of the Knowledge & Information Services Unit in the Information Management & Technology Network (IMT) of the World ¶¹ÄÌÊÓƵAPP, in Washington, DC. In this position, Elisa leads the ¶¹ÄÌÊÓƵAPP Group Archives, the ¶¹ÄÌÊÓƵAPP Group Library, the Internal Documents Unit and the ¶¹ÄÌÊÓƵAPP Access to Information service. Her mandate is to effectively develop and implement strategies for these functions in the context of the Open Agenda and the decentralized nature of the institution. Elisa joined the ¶¹ÄÌÊÓƵAPP in 1998 to develop a partnership program on Latin American Archives to reinforce archives programs in the region. She has played a leadership role in promoting partnerships for the Archives and preparing the strategy for the Archives disclosure. Prior to joining the ¶¹ÄÌÊÓƵAPP, she was a senior lecturer at Johns Hopkins University. Elisa has a Ph.D in Italian studies from the University of California, Los Angeles, where she was project coordinator of the Repertorium Columbianum, a key editorial project on archival sources.

Célestin Monga, a Cameroonian national, is Senior Advisor at the World ¶¹ÄÌÊÓƵAPP where he has held positions in both operations and in the research department, including as Lead Economist in Europe and Central Asia, and Manager of the Policy Review team in the Development Economics vice presidency. He has also served on the Board of Directors of the Sloan School of Management's Fellows Program at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and taught economics at Boston University and the University of Bordeaux (France). Prior to joining the World ¶¹ÄÌÊÓƵAPP, he was Department Head and Manager in the Banque Nationale de Paris group. He was the Economics Editor of the 5-volume New Encyclopedia of Africa (Charles Scribners & Sons, 2007). His books have been translated into several languages and are widely used as teaching tools by academic institutions around the world. He holds degrees from MIT, Harvard, and the universities of Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne, Bordeaux and Pau.

Rahul Mukherji is Associate Professor in the South Asian Studies Programme, National University of Singapore, where he teaches courses on the political economy of India's and South Asia's development. He has earlier taught at the Jawaharlal Nehru University (New Delhi), the City University of New York and the University of Vermont (Burlington). He serves on the editorial board of Pacific Affairs, is a contributing editor of India Review and is Associate Editor of the Asian Journal of Social Science. Rahul has published widely in journals dealing with development and Asian studies. Rahul has edited India's Economic Transition published by Oxford University Press (2007, paperback 2010, 2011) and co-authored with Sumit Ganguly a book titled, India Since 1980 published by Cambridge University Press (2011), which is being translated into Portuguese. Rahul holds a PhD in Political Science from Columbia University.

 is an archival consultant and certified archivist. She spent twenty-four years with the U.S. National Archives, including more than two years as Acting Archivist of the United States. After retiring from the U.S. government, she was the founding Executive Director of the Open Society Archives in Budapest, Hungary, and then the director of Archives and Records Management for the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. She is a past president of the International Conference of the Round Table on Archives (1993-1995) and the Society of American Archivists (1990-1991) and is currently the chair of the International Council on Archives's Human Rights Working Group and the chair of the international working group on a standard for access to archives. She consulted with the truth commissions in South Africa and Honduras, the Special Court for Sierra Leone on its access and archives policies, and worked for over three years with the police archives in Guatemala, training the staff in archival processes. Her full C.V. and many of her publications, including Final Acts: A Guide to Preserving the Records of Truth Commissions, a study of the records of twenty truth commissions, and Temporary Courts, Permanent Records, a study of the records of five temporary international criminal courts, are available at .

 is senior counsel in the World ¶¹ÄÌÊÓƵAPP's Legal Vice-Presidency, where he works in two different practice groups. As a member of the East Asia and South Asia group, Vikram is "country lawyer" for the World ¶¹ÄÌÊÓƵAPP's operations in India and Myanmar. In that capacity, he provides legal and transactional advice on a variety of constitutional, operational, and local law issues that arise in World ¶¹ÄÌÊÓƵAPP-financed projects in those areas. Previously, Vikram worked as country lawyer for World ¶¹ÄÌÊÓƵAPP portfolios in Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, and Pakistan. Most recently, he focused on Iraq, Iran, and the West ¶¹ÄÌÊÓƵAPP and Gaza. In the Operations Policy practice group, Vikram's responsibilities include handling various legal and policy issues affecting post-conflict situations and fragile states. He serves on the World ¶¹ÄÌÊÓƵAPP's State and Peace Building Fund committee. He also provides legal advice regarding dealings with de-facto governments, loan conditionality, development policy operations, expenditure eligibility, conditionality, and breach-of-governmental-contract questions. Vikram was a part of the extended core team that produced the World Development Report 2011 on Conflict, Security, and Development.

Dr. Vijayendra Rao is a Lead Economist in the Development Research Group of the World ¶¹ÄÌÊÓƵAPP. He integrates his training in economics with theories and methods from anthropology, sociology and political science to study the social, cultural, and political context of extreme poverty in developing countries. Dr. Rao has published in leading journals in Economics, and Development Studies, on subjects that include the rise in dowries in India, the social and economic context of domestic violence, the economics of public celebrations, sex work in Calcutta, and how to integrate economic and social theory to develop more effective public policy. He has co-edited Culture and Public Action, and History, Historians and Development Policy, and co-authored the 2006 World Development Report on Equity and Development. Jointly with Ghazala Mansuri, he has recently completed the World ¶¹ÄÌÊÓƵAPP's Policy Research Report on Localizing Development: Does Participation Work? Dr. Rao obtained a BA (Economics, Statistics, Sociology) from St. Xavier's College - Bombay (now Mumbai), a PhD (Economics) from the University of Pennsylvania, was a post-doctoral fellow at the Economics Research Center and an Associate of the Committee on Southern Asian Studies at the University of Chicago, and taught at the University of Michigan and Williams College before joining the World ¶¹ÄÌÊÓƵAPP's Research Department in 1999. He serves on the editorial boards of Economic Development and Cultural Change, Journal of Development Studies, and World ¶¹ÄÌÊÓƵAPP Economic Review. He is a member of the Advisory Committee of the  at the , and advises research institutes and NGOs in India, the US, and the UK.

Bridget Sisk is the Chief of the Archives and Records Management Section (ARMS) at United Nations Headquarters. Bridget has worked in the Archives and Records Management Section (ARMS) at United Nations Headquarters since she joined the organization, first as an archivist, then as a records manager, and as head of the office since 2002.In 1983 Bridget took a position in archives at the Getty Center in Los Angeles, supporting research in decorative arts. Between then and joining the United Nations in 1994 she worked as an archivist in a range of disciplines including a centre for history of physics, university archives, and a state supreme court. Bridget earned a BA in European Literature and French and German at the University of East Anglia at the UK, she received an MA in history at the University of Massachusetts in 1986.

Simon Szreter is a professor of History and Public Policy at University of Cambridge and a fellow at St John's College. He teaches modern British economic and social history since 1700 and the comparative history of population, development, and environment in Britain, Africa, India, and China. One of the founders of the History and Policy Network, he serves as chief editor for their . Awarded the 2009 Viseltear Prize by the American Public Health Association, Simon was long-listed for the 2011 BBC Samuel Johnson Prize for his book, History, Historians and Development Policy (Manchester University Press, 2011). Recent publications include: Health and Wealth. Studies in History and Policy (Rochester University Press, 2005); Sex Before the Sexual Revolution. Intimate Life in England 1918-1963 (Cambridge University Press, 2010); and The Big Society Debate. A New Agenda for Social Welfare? (Edward Elgar, 2012).

Teresa Tomás Rangil is a Junior Research Fellow at Jesus College (Oxford) interested in ideas of economic and political development in the twentieth century. Her research focuses on the relationships between conflicts, poverty and development. Her essays have appeared in the Journal for the History of the Behavioral Sciences, Science in Context and History of Political Economy. She is currently completing a book manuscript on the history of social scientific explanations and predictions of wars. Teresa completed her undergraduate and graduate degrees in economics and sociology at the Ecole normale superieure de Cachan, France, and finished her PhD dissertation on the history of economics at the University of Paris X-Nanterre.

 is Division Chief for Information Services Division at the International Monetary Fund, Washington, D.C. In this role she is responsible for the IMF Archives to make the historical documentation of the IMF available to public researchers and staff and for the records management program to capture and organize current business records. She also oversees the Joint ¶¹ÄÌÊÓƵAPP Fund Library and the delivery of commercial electronic data and information to the World ¶¹ÄÌÊÓƵAPP and the IMF. As a member of the IMF's Enterprise Information Steering Committee, Pamela is responsible for information and data management policies. Pamela is a member of the Enterprise Information Architecture Board which coordinates IT implementation of information architecture decisions. Previous to the IMF Pamela managed special libraries focused on economic development at the World ¶¹ÄÌÊÓƵAPP and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Paris, France. From 2004-2010, she was Chair of the United Nations Inter-Agency Working Group on Knowledge Sharing and Information Services. Pamela is Special Libraries Association member since 1975. She has Masters of Library Science from Columbia University (US), and Bachelor of Arts, Political Science from Tufts University (US).

Gianni Toniolo is Research Professor of Economics and History, Duke University, and Professor of economic history at the Libera Universita delle Scienze Sociali (Roma). He is a Research Fellow at the Centre for Economic Policy Research (London), a member of the European Academy and co-editor of Rivista di Storia Economica. He has previously been Professor of Economics at the Universities of Roma Tor Vergata and Venice. He held visiting professorships at the universities of Connecticut, California at Berkeley, and Hitotsubashi (Tokyo), and was a visiting fellow at St. Antony's College and All Souls College, Oxford. His research interests focus on European economic growth in the 19th and 20th centuries, and on the history of money, finance and central banking. His books in English include: The Oxford Handbook of the Italian Economy since Unification, Oxford University Press 2012 (forthcoming), The World Economy Between the Wars, Oxford University Press 2008 (with C. H. Feinstein e P. Temin), The Global Economy in the 1990s. A long-run perspective, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2006 (with Paul Rhode), Central bank cooperation at the ¶¹ÄÌÊÓƵAPP for International Settlements, Cambridge University Press 2005, Economic Growth in Europe Since 1945, Cambridge University Press, 1996 (with N. Crafts), An Economic History of Liberal Italy, Routledge 1990.

Michael Woolcock is Lead Social Development Specialist in the World ¶¹ÄÌÊÓƵAPP's Development Research Group, where he has worked since 1998. He is also a part-time Lecturer in Public Policy at Harvard University's Kennedy School of Government. He is a co-editor of History, Historians and Development Policy: A Necessary Dialogue (Manchester University Press 2011), and co-author of How and why does history matter for development policy? (Journal of Development Studies, January 2011), which received an Honorable Mention for the Dudley Seers Prize. An Australian national, he has an MA and PhD in sociology from Brown University.

Giovanni Zanalda is Assistant Research Professor in the Social Studies Research Institute (SSRI) and Department of Economics, and Visiting Assistant Professor in the Department of History and the Sanford School of Public Policy, Duke University. He is an economic historian specialized in the history of the international economy, finance, and development from the sixteenth century to the present. He teaches courses on financial crises, emerging markets, international economy 1850 - to the present, and history of globalization. He has previously been a consultant in the Development Economics Vice President Office of the World ¶¹ÄÌÊÓƵAPP, the Italian Delegation at the OECD (Financial Unit), and conducted research in various European countries, the United States, Argentina, India and other Asian countries.